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LT1014 LT1014

Application Notes

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  Designing Linear Circuits for 5V Single Supply Operation &mdash AN11
  PDF, 230 Кб, Файл опубликован: 1 сен 1985
  This note covers the considerations for designing precision linear circuits which must operate from a single 5V supply. Applications include various transducer signal conditioners, instrumentation amplifiers, controllers and isolated data converters.
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  Application Note 11
  September 1985
  Designing Linear Circuits for 5V Single Supply Operation
  Jim Williams
  In predominantly digital systems it is often necessary
  to include linear circuit functions. Traditionally, separate
  power supplies have been used to run the linear components (see Box, “Linear Power Supplies—Past, Present,
  and Future”).
  Recently, there has been increasing interest in powering
  linear circuits directly from the 5V logic rail. The logic
  rail is a difficult place for analog components to function.
  The high amplitude broadband current and voltage noise
  generated by logic clocking makes analog circuit operation difficult. (See Box, “Using Logic Supplies for Linear
  Functions”.)
  Generally speaking, analog circuitry which must achieve
  very high performance levels should be driven from dedicated supplies. The difficulties encountered in maintaining
  the lowest possible levels of noise and drift in an analog
  system are challenging enough without contending with
  a digitally corrupted power supply.
  Many analog applications, however, can be successfully
  implemented using the logic supply. Combining components intended to provide high performance from the 167Ω Q1 –
  + 2M L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks of Linear
  Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. RATIOMETRIC …

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  High Voltage, Low Noise, DC/DC Converters &mdash AN118
  PDF, 2.6 Мб, Файл опубликован: 28 мар 2008
  Photomultipliers (PMT), avalanche photodiodes (APD), ultrasonic transducers, capacitance microphones, radiation detectors and similar devices require high voltage, low current bias. Additionally, the high voltage must be pristinely free of noise; well under a millivolt is a common requirement with a few hundred microvolts sometimes necessary. Normally, switching regulator configurations cannot achieve this performance level without employing special techniques. One aid to achieving low noise is that load currents rarely exceed 5mA. This freedom permits output filtering methods that are usually impractical.
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  Application Note 118
  March 2008
  High Voltage, Low Noise, DC/DC Converters
  A Kilovolt with 100 Microvolts of Noise
  Jim Williams This publication describes a variety of circuits featuring
  outputs from 200V to 1000V with output noise below 100ВµV
  measured in a 100MHz bandwidth. Special techniques
  enable this performance, most notably power stages
  optimized to minimize high frequency harmonic content.
  Although sophisticated, all examples presented utilize
  standard, commercially available magnetics—no custom
  components are required. This provision is intended to
  assist the user in quickly arriving at a produceable design.
  Circuits and their descriptions are presented beginning
  with the next ink.
  BEFORE PROCEEDING ANY FURTHER, THE READER
  IS WARNED THAT CAUTION MUST BE USED IN THE
  CONSTRUCTION, TESTING AND USE OF THE TEXT’S
  CIRCUITS. HIGH VOLTAGE, LETHAL POTENTIALS ARE
  PRESENT IN THESE CIRCUITS. EXTREME CAUTION
  MUST BE USED IN WORKING WITH, AND MAKING
  CONNECTIONS TO, THESE CIRCUITS. REPEAT: THESE
  CIRCUITS CONTAIN DANGEROUS, HIGH VOLTAGE …

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  Designs for High Performance Voltage-to-Frequency Converters &mdash AN14
  PDF, 387 Кб, Файл опубликован: 1 мар 1986
  A variety of high performance V/F circuits is presented. Included are a 1Hz to 100MHz design, a quartz-stabilized type and a 0.0007% linear unit. Other circuits feature 1.5V operation, sine wave output an nonlinear transfer functions. A separate section examines the trade-offs and advantages of various approaches to V/F conversion.
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  Application Note 14
  March 1986
  Designs for High Performance Voltage-to-Frequency
  Converters
  Jim Williams
  Monolithic, modular and hybrid technologies have been
  used to implement voltage-to-frequency converters. A
  number of types are commercially available and overall
  performance is adequate to meet many requirements. In
  many cases, however, very high performance or special
  characteristics are required and available units will not work.
  In these instances V→F circuits specifically optimized for
  the desired parameters(s) are required. This application
  note presents examples of circuits which offer substantially improved performance over commercially available
  V→Fs. Various approaches (see Box Section, “V→F
  Design Techniques”) permit improvements in speed, dynamic range, stability and linearity. Other circuits feature
  low voltage operation, sine wave output and deliberate
  nonlinear transfer functions.
  Ultra-High Speed 1Hz to 100MHz V→F Converter
  Figure 1’s circuit uses a variety of circuit methods to
  achieve wider dynamic range and higher speed than any
  commercial V→F. Rocketing along at 100MHz full-scale
  (10% overrange to 110MHz is provided), it leaves all other …

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  Risk Assessment Advice for High Reliability Amplifiers &mdash AN141
  PDF, 299 Кб, Файл опубликован: 7 окт 2013
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  Application Note 141
  October 2013
  Risk Assessment Advice for High Reliability Amplifiers
  Tim Regan and James Mahoney Introduction
  In long life, high reliability systems, supplied power is
  provided only to essential circuitry. As a result many of
  the unpowered circuits may have voltages applied to inputs and outputs without proper supply biasing. As part
  of any diligent system safety risk assessment, a question
  often arises; will the unpowered components be damaged,
  degraded, or impair circuit performance under these
  abnormal operating conditions?
  The purpose of this article is to provide advice for what
  lies within the pins of several common amplifiers used in
  these applications. Most of the amplifiers of interest are the
  radiation hard amplifiers so indicated with a device prefix
  of RH. Another amplifier, the LT6016, is particularly robust
  with over, under and reversed polarity voltage conditions
  and is included for reference.
  With no power applied to the amplifier, forcing a voltage
  between two pins will cause a current to flow. The magnitude of this current differs from pin to pin and device to
  device. A curve tracer is used to show the current vs voltage
  characteristic when overdriving specific pin combinations.
  Referencing these curve trace plots will provide an indication of the magnitude of current flow for a particular …

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  Power Gain Stages for Monolithic Amplifiers &mdash AN18
  PDF, 2.5 Мб, Файл опубликован: 1 мар 1986
  This note presents output state circuits which provide power gain for monolithic amplifiers. The circuits feature voltage gain, current gain, or both. Eleven designs are shown, and performance is summarized. A generalized method for frequency compensation appears in a separate section.
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  Application Note 18
  March 1986
  Power Gain Stages for Monolithic Amplifiers
  Jim Williams
  Most monolithic amplifiers cannot supply more than a few
  hundred milliwatts of output power. Standard IC processing
  techniques set device supply levels at 36V, limiting available output swing. Additionally, supplying currents beyond
  tens of milliamperes requires large output transistors and
  causes undesirable IC power dissipation.
  Many applications, however, require greater output power
  than most monolithic amplifiers will deliver. When voltage
  or current gain (or both) is needed, a separate output
  stage is necessary. The power gain stage, sometimes
  called a “booster”, is usually placed within the monolithic
  amplifier’s feedback loop, preserving the IC’s low drift and
  stable gain characteristics. 150mA Output Stage
  Figure 1a shows the LTВ®1010 monolithic 150mA current
  booster placed within the feedback loop of a fast FET
  amplifier. At lower frequencies, the buffer is within the
  feedback loop so that its offset voltage and gain errors
  are negligible. At higher frequencies, feedback is through
  Cf, so that phase shift from the load capacitance acting
  against the buffer output resistance does not cause loop …

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  Application Considerations for an Instrumentation Lowpass Filter &mdash AN20
  PDF, 2.8 Мб, Файл опубликован: 1 сен 1986
  Discusses the principles of operation of the LTC1062 and helpful hints for its application. Various application circuits are explained in detail with focus on how to cascade two LTC1062s and how to obtain notches. Noise and distortion performance are fully illustrated.
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  Application Note 20
  September 1986
  Application Considerations for an
  Instrumentation Lowpass Filter
  Nello Sevastopoulos
  Description of this, the value of the (R C) product is critically related
  to the filter passband flatness and to the filter stability.
  The internal circuitry of the LTC1062 is driven by a clock
  which also determines the п¬Ѓlter cutoff frequency. For a
  maximally flat amplitude response, the clock should be
  100 times the desired cutoff frequency and the (R, C)
  should be chosen such as: The LTCВ®1062 is a versatile, DC accurate, instrumentation
  lowpass п¬Ѓlter with gain and phase that closely approximate
  a 5th order Butterworth п¬Ѓlter. The LTC1062 is quite different from presently available lowpass switched-capacitor
  п¬Ѓlters because it uses an external (R, C) to isolate the
  IC from the input signal DC path, thus providing DC accuracy. Figure 1 illustrates the architecture of the circuit.
  The output voltage is sensed through an internal buffer,
  then applied to an internal switched-capacitor network
  which drives the bottom plate of an external capacitor to
  form an input-to-output 5th order lowpass п¬Ѓlter. The input
  and output appear across an external resistor and the IC
  part of the overall п¬Ѓlter handles only the AC path of the
  signal. A buffered output is also provided (Figure 1) and …

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  Composite Amplifiers &mdash AN21
  PDF, 330 Кб, Файл опубликован: 1 июл 1986
  Applications often require an amplifier that has extremely high performance in several areas. For example, high speed and DC precision are often needed. If a single device cannot simultaneously achieve the desired characteristics, a composite amplifier made up of two (or more) devices can be configured to do the job. AN21 shows examples of composite approaches in designs combining speed, precision, low noise and high power.
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  Application Note 21
  July 1986
  Composite Amplifiers
  Jim Williams
  Amplifier design, regardless of the technology utilized, is
  a study in compromise. Device limitations make it difficult
  for a particular amplifier to achieve optimal speed, drift,
  bias current, noise and power output specifications. As
  such, various amplifier families emphasizing one or more
  of these areas have evolved. Some amplifiers are very good
  attempts at doing everything well, but the best achievable
  performance п¬Ѓgures are limited to dedicated designs. designed with little attention to DC biasing considerations
  if a separate stabilizing stage is employed.
  Figure 1 shows a composite made up of an LTВ®1012 low drift
  device and an LT1022 high speed amplifier. The overall circuit is a unity-gain inverter, with the summing node located
  at the junction of three 10k resistors. The LT1012 monitors
  this summing node, compares it to ground and drives the
  LT1022’s positive input, completing a DC stabilizing loop
  around the LT1022. The 10k-300pF time constant at the
  LT1012 limits its response to low frequency signals. The
  LT1022 handles high frequency inputs while the LT1012
  stabilizes the DC operating point. The 4.7k-220О© divider
  at the LT1022 prevents excessive input overdrive during …

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  A Monolithic IC for 100MHz RMS-DC Conversion &mdash AN22
  PDF, 3.3 Мб, Файл опубликован: 1 сен 1987
  AN22 details the theoretical and application aspects of the LT1088 thermal RMS/DC converter. The basic theory behind thermal RMS/DC conversion is discussed and design details of the LT1088 are presented. Circuitry for RMS/DC converters, wideband input buffers and heater protection is shown.
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  Micropower Circuits for Signal Conditioning &mdash AN23
  PDF, 2.2 Мб, Файл опубликован: 1 апр 1987
  Low power operation of electronic apparatus has become increasingly desirable. AN23 describes a variety of low power circuits for transducer signal conditioning. Also included are designs for data converters and switching regulators. Three appended sections discuss guidelines for micropower design, strobed power operation and effects of test equipment on micropower circuits.
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  Application Note 23
  April 1987
  Micropower Circuits for Signal Conditioning
  Jim Williams
  Low power operation of electronic apparatus has become
  increasingly desirable. Medical, remote data acquisition,
  power monitoring and other applications are good candidates for battery driven, low power operation. Micropower
  analog circuits for transducer-based signal conditioning
  present a special class of problems. Although micropower
  ICs are available, the interconnection of these devices to
  form a functioning micropower circuit requires care. (See
  Box Sections, “Some Guidelines for Micropower Design
  and an Example” and “Parasitic Effects of Test Equipment
  on Micropower Circuits.”) In particular, trade-offs between
  signal levels and power dissipation become painful when
  performance in the 10-bit to 12-bit area is desirable. Additionally, many transducers and analog signals produce +V inherently small outputs, making micropower requirements complicate an already difficult situation. Despite the
  problems, design of such circuits is possible by combining
  high performance micropower ICs with appropriate circuit
  techniques.
  Platinum RTD Signal Conditioner
  Figure 1 shows a simple circuit for signal conditioning
  a platinum RTD. Correction for the platinum sensor’s
  nonlinear response is included. Accuracy is 0.25В°C over …

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  Unique Applications for the LTC1062 Lowpass Filter &mdash AN24
  PDF, 587 Кб, Файл опубликован: 1 сен 1987
  Highlights the LTC1062 as a lowpass filter in a phase lock loop. Describes how the loop's bandwidth can be increased and the VCO output jitter reduced when the LTC1062 is the loop filter. Compares it with a passive RC loop filter. Also discussed is the use of LTC1062 as simple bandpass and bandstop filter.
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  Switching Regulators for Poets: A Gentle Guide for the Trepidatious &mdash AN25
  PDF, 359 Кб, Файл опубликован: 2 сен 1987
  Subtitled "A Gentle Guide for the Trepidatious," this is a tutorial on switching regulator design. The text assumes no switching regulator design experience, contains no equations, and requires no inductor construction to build the circuits described. Designs detailed include flyback, isolated telecom, off-line, and others. Appended sections cover component considerations, measurement techniques and steps involved in developing a working circuit.
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  Application Note 25
  September 1987 Switching Regulators for Poets
  A Gentle Guide for the Trepidatious
  Jim Williams
  The above title is not happenstance and was arrived at after
  considerable deliberation. As a linear IC manufacturer, it is
  our goal to encourage users to design and build switching
  regulators. A problem is that while everyone agrees that
  working switching regulators are a good thing, everyone
  also agrees that they are difficult to get working. Switching
  regulators, with their high efficiency and small size, are
  increasingly desirable as overall package sizes shrink.
  Unfortunately, switching regulators are also one of the
  most difficult linear circuits to design. Mysterious modes,
  sudden, seemingly inexplicable failures, peculiar regulation characteristics and just plain explosions are common
  occurrences. Diodes conduct the wrong way. Things get
  hot that shouldn’t. Capacitors act like resistors, fuses
  don’t blow and transistors do. The output is at ground, and
  the ground terminal shows volts of noise.
  Added to this poisonous brew is the regulator’s feedback
  loop, sampled in nature and replete with uncertain phase
  shifts. Everything, of course, varies with line and load
  conditions— and the time of day, or so it seems. In the face …

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  Thermocouple Measurement &mdash AN28
  PDF, 988 Кб, Файл опубликован: 1 фев 1988
  Considerations for thermocouple-based temperature measurement are discussed. A tutorial on temperature sensors summarizes performance of various types, establishing a perspective on thermocouples. Thermocouples are then focused on. Included are sections covering cold-junction compensation, amplifier selection, differential/isolation techniques, protection, and linearization. Complete schematics are given for all circuits. Processor- based linearization is also presented with the necessary software detailed.
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  Application Note 28
  February 1988
  Thermocouple Measurement
  Jim Williams
  Introduction Thermocouples in Perspective In 1822, Thomas Seebeck, an Estonian physician, accidentally joined semicircular pieces of bismuth and copper
  (Figure 1) while studying thermal effects on galvanic arrangements. A nearby compass indicated a magnetic disturbance. Seebeck experimented repeatedly with different
  metal combinations at various temperatures, noting relative
  magnetic п¬Ѓeld strengths. Curiously, he did not believe that
  electric current was flowing, and preferred to describe the
  effect as “thermo-magnetism.” He published his results in
  a paper, “Magnetische Polarisation der Metalle und Erze
  durch Temperatur-Differenz” (see references). Temperature is easily the most commonly measured
  physical parameter. A number of transducers serve temperature measuring needs and each has advantages and
  considerations. Before discussing thermocouple-based
  measurement it is worthwhile putting these sensors in
  perspective. Figure 2’s chart shows some common contact
  temperature sensors and lists characteristics. Study reveals
  thermocouple strengths and weaknesses compared to
  other sensors. In general, thermocouples are inexpensive,
  wide range sensors. Their small size makes them fast and
  their low output impedance is a benefit. The inherent voltage output eliminates the need for excitation. Subsequent investigation has shown the “Seebeck Effect”
  to be fundamentally electrical in nature, repeatable, and
  quite useful. Thermocouples, by far the most common …

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  Some Thoughts on DC-DC Converters &mdash AN29
  PDF, 1.2 Мб, Файл опубликован: 1 окт 1988
  This note examines a wide range of DC/DC converter applications. Single inductor, transformer, and switched-capacitor converter designs are shown. Special topics like low noise, high efficiency, low quiescent current, high voltage, and wide-input voltage range converters are covered. Appended sections explain some fundamental properties of different types of converters.
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  Application Note 29
  October 1988
  Some Thoughts on DC/DC Converters
  Jim Williams and Brian Huffman
  INTRODUCTION
  Many systems require that the primary source of DC power
  be converted to other voltages. Battery driven circuitry is
  an obvious candidate. The 6V or 12V cell in a laptop computer must be converted to different potentials needed for
  memory, disc drives, display and operating logic. In theory,
  AC line powered systems should not need DC/DC converters
  because the implied power transformer can be equipped
  with multiple secondaries. In practice, economics, noise
  requirements, supply bus distribution problems and other
  constraints often make DC/DC conversion preferable. A
  common example is logic dominated, 5V powered systems
  utilizing В±15V driven analog components.
  The range of applications for DC/DC converters is large,
  with many variations. Interest in converters is commensurately quite high. Increased use of single supply powered
  systems, stiffening performance requirements and battery
  operation have increased converter usage.
  Historically, efficiency and size have received heavy emphasis. In fact, these parameters can be significant, but
  often are of secondary importance. A possible reason
  behind the continued and overwhelming attention to size …

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  Applications for a Switched-Capacitor Instrumentation Building Block &mdash AN3
  PDF, 1.5 Мб, Файл опубликован: 1 июл 1985
  This application note describes a wide range of useful applications for the LTC1043 dual precision instrumentation switched capacitor building block. Some of the applications described are ultra high performance instrumentation amplifier, lock-in amplifier, wide range digitally controlled variable gain amplifier, relative humidity sensor signal conditioner, LVDT signal conditioner, charge pump F/V and V/F converters, 12-bit A/D converter and more.
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  Application Note 3
  July 1985
  Applications for a Switched-Capacitor Instrumentation
  Building Block
  Jim Williams
  CMOS analog IC design is largely based on manipulation
  of charge. Switches and capacitors are the elements used
  to control and distribute the charge. Monolithic п¬Ѓlters, data
  converters and voltage converters rely on the excellent
  characteristics of IC CMOS switches. Because of the importance of switches in their circuits, CMOS designers have
  developed techniques to minimize switch induced errors,
  particularly those associated with stray capacitance and
  switch timing. Until now, these techniques have been used
  only in the internal construction of monolithic devices. A
  new device, the LTCВ®1043, makes these switches available
  for board-level use. Multi-pole switching and a self-driven,
  non-overlapping clock allow the device to be used in circuits
  which are impractical with other switches. Conceptually, the LTC1043 is simple. Figure 1 details its
  features. The oscillator, free-running at 200kHz, drives a
  non-overlapping clock. Placing a capacitor from Pin 16 to
  ground shifts the oscillator frequency downward to any
  desired point. The pin may also be driven from an external
  source, synchronizing the switches to external circuitry. …

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  Switching Regulator Circuit Collection &mdash AN30
  PDF, 606 Кб, Файл опубликован: 1 фев 1989
  Switching regulators are of universal interest. Linear Technology has made a major effort to address this topic. A catalog of circuits has been compiled so that a design engineer can swiftly determine which converter type is best. This catalog serves as a visual index to be browsed through for a specific or general interest.
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  Application Note 30
  February 1989
  Switching Regulator Circuit Collection
  John Seago
  Switching regulators are of universal interest. Linear
  Technology has made a major effort to address this topic.
  A catalog of circuits has been compiled so that a design
  engineer can swiftly determine which converter type is
  best. This catalog serves as a visual index to be browsed
  through for a specific or general interest. The catalog is organized so that converter topologies can
  be easily found. There are 12 basic circuit categories:
  Battery, Boost, Buck, Buck-Boost, Flyback, Forward, High
  Voltage, Multioutput, Off Line, Preregulator, Switched
  Capacitor and Telecom. Additional circuit information can
  be located in the references listed in the index. The
  reference works as follows, i.e., AN8, Page 2 = Application
  Note 8, Page 2; LTC1044 DS = LTC1044 data sheet;
  DN17 = Design Note 17. DRAWING INDEX
  FIGURE TITLE FIGURE # PAGE REFERENCE/SOURCE Battery
  2A Converter with 150ВµA Quiescent Current (6V to 12V)
  200mA Output Converter (1.5V to 5V)
  Up Converter (6V to 15V)
  Regulated Up Converter (5V to 10V) …

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  Using the LTC Op Amp Macromodels &mdash AN48
  PDF, 297 Кб, Файл опубликован: 8 ноя 1991
  LTC's op amp macromodels are described in detail, along with the theory behind each model and complete schematics of each topology. Extended modeling topics are discussed, such as phase/frequency response modifications and asymmetric slew rate for JFET op amp models. LTC's macromodels are optimized for accuracy and fast simulation times. Simulation times can be further reduced by using streamlining techniques found throughout AN48.
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  Application Note 48
  November 1991
  Using the LTC Op Amp Macromodels
  Getting the Most from SPICE and the LTC Library
  Walt Jung INTRODUCTION This application note is an overview discussion of the
  Linear Technology SPICE macromodel library. It assumes
  little if any prior knowledge of this software library or its
  history. However, it does assume familiarity with both the
  analog simulation program SPICE (or one of its many
  derivatives), and modern day op amps, including bipolar,
  JFET, and MOSFET amplifier technologies.
  Some Preliminary SPICE Facts of Life
  In the past few years, SPICE simulations have really begun
  to capture a high level of attention on the part of analog
  circuit designers. Perhaps this is due to more affordable
  high performance computers, or perhaps the time for
  simulation is now upon us. In any event, the bottom line is
  that IC vendors are now making macromodels for op amps
  available to their customers.
  For the analog circuit designer, there can be no better fate
  for simulations, viewing this situation in terms of which
  model to use. Designers no longer need worry about
  whether the third party supplier’s model can really cut it. …

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  Power Conditioning Techniques for Batteries &mdash AN8
  PDF, 708 Кб, Файл опубликован: 1 май 1985
  A variety of approaches for power conditioning batteries is given. Switching and linear regulators and converters are shown, with attention to efficiency and low power operation. 14 circuits are presented with performance data.

Design Notes

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  An LT1013 and LT1014 Op Amp SPICE Macromodel &mdash DN12
  PDF, 75 Кб, Файл опубликован: 1 июл 1988
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  An Op Amp SPICE Macromodel
  Design Note 12
  Walter G. Jung
  applications library. It is hoped that eventually most
  op amps in the product line will be developed as macromodels and made available to customers. With the advent of low cost and powerful desktop computers, present day op amp circuit designs can mature
  more quickly with good simulation tools. One such tool
  since its inception has been SPICE, the standard analog
  circuit simulator. However, while PCs and workstations
  may now be present on more and more desks, a potential
  bottleneck towards effective simulation has been SPICE
  models for the more popular parts. The LTВ®1013 and LT1014 devices are popular single
  supply LTC op amps, and are thus logical candidates
  for macromodels. While existing macromodels for the
  generic 358 and 324 types might suffice for some applications, circuit designs which take advantage of the
  unique precision and functional features of the LT1013
  warrant a model which reflects those features. The
  schematic diagram of the LT1013 and LT1014 macromodel is shown in Figure 1, and is applicable to one
  channel of either device. The macromodel approach to simulation of an op amp
  is viable for many designs, with the great asset of
  simulation speeds far faster than that of a full devicelevel circuit. With this design note, Linear Technology
  Corporation introduces op amp macromodels to its L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks
  of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their
  respective owners. …

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  Closed Loop Control with Data Acquisition Systems &mdash DN13
  PDF, 95 Кб, Файл опубликован: 1 авг 1988
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  Closed Loop Control with Data Acquisition Systems
  Design Note 13
  Guy Hoover and William Rempfer
  Introduction
  The use of microprocessors in process control loops
  is quite common. A processor based control loop requires special design considerations as compared to
  traditional analog loops. Often a single centrally located
  processor will be used to control several remotely
  located processes. The outputs of the remote process
  sensors can be digitized at the sensor location and then
  be transmitted to the central processor. Unfortunately,
  transmitting digital signals typically requires one wire
  for each bit of resolution and requires expensive cabling.
  Alternatively, the sensor output can be transmitted
  as an analog signal to the central processor area for
  digitization. However, transmitting analog signals over
  distances can introduce errors because of noise and
  voltage drops in the wires.
  The solution to these control loop problems can be found
  in the LTC В®1090 series of data acquisition systems. As
  can be seen in the schematic of Figure 2, ten bits of
  data can be digitized remotely and sent to the processor
  with only three wires plus ground. The single supply …

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  Noise Calculations in Op Amp Circuits &mdash DN15
  PDF, 224 Кб, Файл опубликован: 1 сен 1988
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  Noise Calculations1 in Op Amp Circuits – Design Note 15
  Alan Rich
  Noise calculations in op amp circuits are one of the most
  confused calculations that an analog engineer must
  perform.
  One cannot just look at noise specifications; the total op
  amp circuit including resistors and operating frequency
  range must be included in calculations for circuit noise. A
  “low” noise amplifier in one circuit will become a “high”
  noise amplifier in another circuit.
  As part of this Design Note, an IBM-PC2 or compatible
  computer program, NOISE, has been written to perform
  the noise calculations. This program allows the user to
  calculate circuit noise using LTC op amps, determine the
  best LTC op amp for a low noise application, display the
  noise data for LTC op amps, calculate resistor noise, and
  calculate circuit noise using noise specs for any op amp.
  At the end of this Design Note there are detailed operating
  instructions for the computer program NOISE.
  To calculate noise for an op amp circuit, one must consider the op amp voltage and current noise density and
  1/f corner frequency, the frequency range of interest, and
  the resistor noise.
  The most comprehensive specification for voltage or current noise is the noise density frequency response curve …

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  Operational Amplifier Selection Guide for Optimum Noise Performance &mdash DN3
  PDF, 224 Кб, Файл опубликован: 1 окт 1987
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  Operational Amplifier Selection Guide for Optimum Noise
  Performance – Design Note 3
  George Erdi
  The LTВ®1028 is the lowest noise op amp available today.
  Its voltage noise is less than that of a 50О© resistor. In
  other words, if the LT1028 is operated with source resistors in excess of 50О© , resistor noise will dominate. If the
  application requires large source resistors, the LT1028’s
  relatively high current noise will limit performance, and
  other op amps will provide lower overall noise. The table below lists which op amp gives minimum total
  noise for a specified equivalent source resistance. A two
  step procedure should be followed to optimize noise: In general, the total noise of any op amp (referred to the
  input) is given by: The table actually has two sets of devices: one for low
  frequency (instrumentation), one for wideband applications. The slight differences between the two columns
  occur because voltage and current noise increase at low
  frequencies (below the so-called 1/f corner) while resistor
  noise is flat with frequency. total noise = (voltage noise) + (resistor noise) + (current noise R )
  2 2 2 eq where, (2) Enter the table to find the optimum op amp. Best Op Amp for Lowest Noise vs Source Resistance resistor noise = 0.13 Re q in nV Hz
  and Req = equivalent source resistance
  = R2 + R1//R3
  R3
  R1 – R2 + DN003 F01 Several conclusions can be reached by inspection of the
  equation:
  (a) To minimize noise, resistor values should be minimized to make the contribution of the second and …

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  Chopper vs Bipolar Op Amps—An Unbiased Comparison &mdash DN42
  PDF, 70 Кб, Файл опубликован: 1 дек 1990
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  Chopper vs Bipolar Op Amps—An Unbiased Comparison
  Design Note 42
  George Erdi Table 1 lists the parameters of importance. In all input
  parameters (except noise) the advantage unquestionably goes to the choppers. 5ОјV maximum offset voltage, 0.5ОјV/В°C maximum drift are commonly found
  Table 1. Chopper Stabilized vs Precision Bipolar Op Amps
  ADVANTAGE
  PARAMETER
  Offset Voltage
  Offset Drift
  All Other DC Specs CHOPPER BIPOLAR COMMENTS
  вњ“
  вњ“
  вњ“ No Contest Wideband, 20Hz to
  1MHz вњ“ See Details in Text Noise вњ“ See Details in Text вњ“ Rail to Rail Swing
  2mA Limit on
  Choppers Output: Light Load
  Heavy Load
  Single Supply
  Application вњ“ вњ“ Inherent to
  Choppers Needs
  Special Design
  Bipolars В±15V Supply Voltage вњ“ Except LTC1150 Prejudice/Tradition вњ“ Still a Chopper
  Problem Cost 08/90/86_conv вњ“ Unless DC …

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  3V Operation of Linear Technology Op Amps &mdash DN56
  PDF, 78 Кб, Файл опубликован: 1 фев 1992
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  3V Operation of Linear Technology Op Amps -Design Note 56
  George Erdi
  The latest trend in digital electronics is the introduction
  of numerous ICs operating on regulated 3V or 3.3V
  power supplies. This is a logical development to increase
  circuit densities and to reduce power dissipation. In addition, many systems are directly powered by two AA
  cells or 3V lithium batteries. Clearly, analog ICs which
  work on 3V with good dynamic range to complement
  these digital circuits are, and will be, in great demand.
  Many Linear Technology operational amplifiers work
  well on a 3V supply. The purpose of this design note
  is to list these devices and their performance when
  powered by 3V. The op amps can be divided into two
  groups: single and dual supply devices. The single supply
  op amps are optimized for, and fully specified at, a 5V
  positive supply with the negative supply terminal tied
  to ground. Input common mode voltage range goes
  below ground, and the output swings to within a few
  millivolts of ground while sinking current. Members of
  the single supply family are the micropower LTВ®1077/
  LT1078/LT1079 single, dual and quad op amps with
  40μA supply current per amplifier, the LT1178/LT1179 dual and quad with 13μA per amplifier. The LT1006/
  LT1013/LT1014 single, dual and quad have faster speed …

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  Operational Amplifier Selection Guide for Optimum Noise Performance &mdash DN6
  PDF, 137 Кб, Файл опубликован: 1 янв 1988
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  A Broadband Random Noise Generator &mdash DN70
  PDF, 95 Кб, Файл опубликован: 1 май 1993
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  A Broadband Random Noise Generator – Design Note 70
  Jim Williams
  Filter, audio and RF communication testing often requires a random noise source. The circuit in Figure 1
  provides an RMS amplitude regulated noise source with
  selectable bandwidth. The RMS output is 300mV with
  a 1kHz to 5MHz bandwidth selected in decade ranges. output feeds LT1228 A4, a current feedback amplifier.
  A4’s output, the circuit’s output, is sampled by the A5
  based gain control configuration. This closes a gain
  control loop back at A3. A3’s ISET input current controls
  its gain, allowing overall output level control. The A1 amplifier, biased from the LT®1004 reference,
  provides optimum drive for D1, the noise source. AC
  coupled A2 takes a broadband gain of 100. The A2
  output feeds a gain control stage via a simple selectable
  lowpass filter. The filter’s output is applied to LT1228
  A3, an operational transconductance amplifier. A3’s To adjust this circuit, place the filter in the 1kHz position
  and trim the 5k potentiometer for maximum negative
  bias at A3, Pin 5.
  L, LT, LTC, LTM, Linear Technology and the Linear logo are registered trademarks
  of Linear Technology Corporation. All other trademarks are the property of their
  respective owners. 1M
  0.1ОјF
  15V
  100k 2 3 – 1kHz 8 0.01ОјF …

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  Low Power, DC Accurate Drivers for 18-Bit ADCs &mdash LT Journal
  PDF, 3.4 Мб, Файл опубликован: 9 июл 2013
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  Low Power, DC Accurate Drivers for 18-Bit ADCs
  Guy Hoover A common misconception about 18-bit SAR ADCs is the only way to drive them
  is with a high powered, high speed, low noise op amp or differential driver whose
  DC performance often leaves much to be desired. It is possible to use a low
  power, DC accurate op amp to drive an 18-bit SAR ADC if the input is a DC or low
  bandwidth AC signal and the op amp outputs are given sufficient time to settle.
  Using the single-ended to differential driver of Figure 1, four different low power
  dual op amps were tested to show the trade-offs in using low power drivers.
  This circuit enables the testing of offset voltage, the maximum sample
  rate for DC and AC signals, noise and
  power consumption. The ADC used
  is the LTC2379-18, a 1.6Msps 18-bit
  SAR ADC with an offset of В±9LSBs, INL of
  В±2LSBs and peak-to-peak noise of 5LSBs.
  The four amplifiers used are the
  LT1013, LTC6078, LTC6081 precision and
  LTC2051HV zero-drift dual op amps—
  Table 1 shows a summary of their major
  specs. The circuit supply voltage is the
  voltage applied to the V+ and V– terminals
  of the op amps. This voltage determines
  the power dissipation of the amplifier and
  its maximum signal swing. The voltages …

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  Consider New Precision Amplifiers for Updated Industrial Equipment Designs &mdash LT Journal
  PDF, 154 Кб, Файл опубликован: 1 сен 2009
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  L DESIGN FEATURES Consider New Precision Amplifiers for
  Updated Industrial Equipment Designs
  by Brian Black Introduction
  Industrial equipment is designed for
  long life cycles, so the electronic components used in industrial applications
  are often chosen with significant emphasis on proven performance, quality
  and reliability. Precision amplifiers are
  no exception. Even if new and innovative amplifiers become available over a
  product’s lifetime, a redesigned board
  is often built using the same proven
  op amps in the old board. Even for
  entirely new applications, designers
  will choose amplifiers that have proven
  their mettle in other circuits, making a
  choice based more on familiarity than
  performance.
  Although an amplifier may have
  been tried and proven in a design, it
  is not necessarily the best solution for
  every new design. Many can benefit
  from using more recently released
  amplifiers, which can improve overall
  system performance, reduce power …

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• Signal Conditioning > Amplifiers > Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps) > Precision Amplifiers (Vos | High Voltage Amplifiers (>12V) | Low Power Amplifiers (Is < 1mA/amp)
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